Python - 18. GUI

▶1981년 제록스 가 처음 개발
▶1984년 Apple 의 매킨토시가 개인용으로 GUI 환경의 OS 를 개발, 상용화에 성공함.
▶Unix 시스템에서는 X-Window 라는 GUI 환경을 개발, 발전
▶Apple 의 Mac OS, MS 의 Windows 등을 통해서 발전

▶Tcl/Tk는 GUI 라이브러리

▶Tcl/Tk는 Linux, Mac OS, Unix , Windows 에서 사용이 가능하다.

▶Open Source 로서 많은 Widget 을 지원한다.
▶Tcl/Tk 를 python에서 사용하도록 만든 라이브러리
▶Python 에서 공식적으로 지원하는 GUI 라이브러리

1. Tkinter 기본 구문

▶pack()

1)

from tkinter import *
root = Tk()

lbl =Label(root,text="이름")
lbl.pack()

root.mainloop()

2)

from tkinter import *
root = Tk()

lbl =Label(root,text="이름")
lbl.pack()

txt =Entry(root)
txt.pack()

root.mainloop()

3)

from tkinter import *
root = Tk()

lbl =Label(root,text="이름")
lbl.pack()

txt =Entry(root)
txt.pack()

btn =Button(root, text="ok")
btn.pack()

root.mainloop()

4)

from tkinter import *
root = Tk()

lbl =Label(root,text="이름")
lbl.pack()

txt =Entry(root)
txt.pack()

btn =Button(root, text="ok")
btn.pack(fill=X)

root.mainloop()

5)

from tkinter import *
root = Tk()

lbl =Label(root,text="이름", bg='blue',fg='white')
lbl.pack(fill=X)

txt =Entry(root)
txt.pack()

btn =Button(root, text="ok")
btn.pack(fill=X,padx=10,pady=10)

root.mainloop()

▶grid(row=X, column=Y)

1)

from tkinter import *
root = Tk()

lbl =Label(root,text="이름")
lbl.grid(row=0,column=0)

txt =Entry(root)
txt.grid(row=0,column=1)

btnok =Button(root, text="ok")
btnok.grid(row=1,column=1)

btncancel = Button(root, text="Cancel")
btncancel.grid(row=1,column=2)

root.mainloop()

※ padx : 바깥쪽의 공간을 늘림

   ipadx : 안쪽의 공간을 늘림

2)

from tkinter import *
root = Tk()

lbl =Label(root,text="이름")
lbl.grid(row=0,column=0,padx=10)

txt =Entry(root)
txt.grid(row=0,column=1,columnspan=2,padx=10,pady=10)

btnok =Button(root, text="ok")
btnok.grid(row=1,column=1,padx=5,pady=5)

btncancel = Button(root, text="Cancel")

btncancel.grid(row=1,column=2)
root.mainloop()

3)

--> 좀더 이쁜 모양이 만들어짐

from tkinter import *

def okclick():
    print("Ok Click")

def cancelClick():
    print("Cancel Click")
   
root = Tk()

lbl =Label(root,text="이름")
lbl.grid(row=0,column=0,padx=10)

txt =Entry(root)
txt.grid(row=0,column=1,columnspan=2,padx=10,pady=10)

btnok =Button(root, text="ok")
btnok.grid(row=1,column=1,ipadx=20, padx=5,pady=5)

btncancel = Button(root, text="Cancel")
btncancel.grid(row=1,column=2,ipadx=10 ,padx=5,pady=5)

root.mainloop()

※ 출력되도록 하는 소스

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox

def okclick():
    print("Ok Click")
    name = txt.get()
    messagebox.showinfo("이름",name)

def cancelClick():
    root.destroy()
   
root = Tk()

lbl =Label(root,text="이름")
lbl.grid(row=0,column=0,padx=10)

txt =Entry(root)
txt.grid(row=0,column=1,columnspan=2,padx=10,pady=10)

btnok =Button(root, text="ok",command=okclick)
btnok.grid(row=1,column=1,ipadx=20, padx=5,pady=5)

btncancel = Button(root, text="Cancel",command=cancelClick)
btncancel.grid(row=1,column=2,ipadx=10 ,padx=5,pady=5)

root.mainloop()

2. Tkinter bind

→위젯.bind(event명, handler)

Event 명
   <Button-1> 마우스 왼쪽 버튼 클릭
   <Button-2> 마우스 중간 버튼 클릭
   <Button-3> 마우스 오른쪽 버튼 클릭
   <Double-Button-1> 왼쪽 버튼 더블클릭
   <Return> Enter 키 눌려짐
   <Key> 키가 눌려짐

 

※ key,sym 을 출력함

1)

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox

def okclick():
    print("Ok Click")
    name = txt.get()
    messagebox.showinfo("이름",name)

def keyPressed(event):
    print("Key:" , event.char," Sym:", event.keysym)

def cancelClick():
    root.destroy()
   
root = Tk()

lbl =Label(root,text="이름")
lbl.grid(row=0,column=0,padx=10)

txt = Entry(root)
txt.grid(row=0, column=1, padx = 5, pady = 5 , columnspan=2 )
txt.bind('<Key>', keyPressed)

btnok =Button(root, text="ok",command=okclick)
btnok.grid(row=1,column=1,ipadx=20, padx=5,pady=5)

btncancel = Button(root, text="Cancel",command=cancelClick)
btncancel.grid(row=1,column=2,ipadx=10 ,padx=5,pady=5)

root.mainloop()

2)

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox

def okclick():
    print("Ok Click")
    name = txt.get()
    messagebox.showinfo("이름",name)

def keyPressed(event):
    print("Key:" , event.char," Sym:", event.keysym)
    if event.keysym == 'Return':
        okclick()

def cancelClick():
    root.destroy()
   
root = Tk()

lbl =Label(root,text="이름")
lbl.grid(row=0,column=0,padx=10)

txt = Entry(root)
txt.grid(row=0, column=1, padx = 5, pady = 5 , columnspan=2 )
txt.bind('<Key>', keyPressed)

btnok =Button(root, text="ok",command=okclick)
btnok.grid(row=1,column=1,ipadx=20, padx=5,pady=5)

btncancel = Button(root, text="Cancel",command=cancelClick)
btncancel.grid(row=1,column=2,ipadx=10 ,padx=5,pady=5)

root.mainloop()

3. 그림그리는 작업

1)직선그리기

from tkinter import *

master = Tk()

canvas_width=80
canvas_height=40

w= Canvas(master, width = canvas_width,height=canvas_height)
w.pack()

y=int(canvas_height/2)
w.create_line(0,y,canvas_width,y,fill='blue')

master.mainloop()

2) 타원그리기

from tkinter import *

master =Tk()

canvas_width=200
canvas_height=200

w= Canvas(master, width = canvas_width,height=canvas_height)
w.pack()

y=int(canvas_height/2)

w.create_line(0,0,100,40,fill='blue')
w.create_oval(10,10,180,130)

master.mainloop()

3) 마우스로 그림그리기

from tkinter import *

canvas_width=200
canvas_height=200

def paint(event):
    python_green="#476042"
    x1,y1=(event.x-1),(event.y-1)
    x2,y2=(event.x+1),(event.y+1)
    w.create_oval(x1,y1,x2,y2,fill=python_green)

master =Tk()
master.title("Painting")

w= Canvas(master, width = canvas_width,height=canvas_height)
w.pack(expand=YES,fill=BOTH)
w.bind('<B1-Motion>',paint)

master.mainloop()

4. Tkinter Dialog

1) 기본적인 창

from tkinter import *
from tkinter.messagebox import *

def answer():
    showerror("Answer","Sorry")

def callback():
    if askyesno("Verify","Really Quit?"):
        showwarning("Yes","Not yet")
    else :
        showinfo("No","Quit")

   
master =Tk()
master.title("Painting")

Button(text="Quit",command=callback).pack(fill=X)
Button(text="Answer",command=answer).pack(fill=X)

master.mainloop()

Quit 선택

'예'선택

Answer 선택

2) 파일 선택이 다양한 Dialog

from tkinter import *
from tkinter.messagebox import *
from tkinter.filedialog import askopenfilename

def answer():
    showerror("Answer","Sorry")

def callback():
    if askyesno("Verify","Really Quit?"):
        showwarning("Yes","Not yet")
    else :
        showinfo("No","Quit")
def fileOpen():
    name= askopenfilename()
    print (name)
   
master =Tk()
master.title("Painting")

Button(text="Quit",command=callback).pack(fill=X)
Button(text="Answer",command=answer).pack(fill=X)
Button(text="File Open", command=fileOpen).pack(fill=X)
master.mainloop()

File Open 선택

3) 칼라 선택 Dialog

from tkinter import *
from tkinter.colorchooser import askcolor

def callback():
   result = askcolor(color="#6A9662",
             title = "Bernd's Colour Chooser")
   print(result)
root = Tk()
Button(root,
       text='Choose Color',
       fg="darkgreen",
       command=callback).pack(side=LEFT, padx=10)
Button(text='Quit',
       command=root.quit,
       fg="red").pack(side=LEFT, padx=10)
mainloop()

5. 위젯 참고

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참고

수업 ppt 내용